S, T, U

S, T, U

S

SAAS - SlaapAfhankelijke Ademhalings Stoornis = SRBD

saturatie - mate van zuurstofverzadiging in het bloed

SAS - Slaap Apneu Syndroom (zie osas)

SDB - Sleep Disordered Breathing; slaapstoornis

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) - A mood disorder occurring in the winter months characterized by diminished energy, hypersomnia, overeating and depressed mood. Exposure to bright light in the morning hours may be effective in alleviating or decreasing symptoms.

Sedatives - Drugs that tend to calm, reduce nervousness or excitement, and foster sleep onset.

Sedentary Situation - Does not require physical activity, e.g. working at a desk, sitting in a meeting or in a theater, watching television.

Septoplasty - Surgery on the nasal septum (the partition that divides the nasal passage).

Serotonin - A neurotransmitter in the brain that modulates mood, appetite, sexual activity, aggression, body temperature and sleep.

Shiftwork - Working during times other than the conventional daytime hours of 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

Siesta - A custom in many cultures of napping in the afternoon, usually after the noon meal. This allows people in tropical climates to avoid the hottest part of the day; it also takes advantage of the body's normal post-lunch (postprandial) dip in alertness.

slaapendoscopie - onderzoek met endoscoop (zie daar) om binnenkant van de neus, keel en stembanden te bekijken; zie ook endoscopie

slaap latentie test - test die de tijd meet die iemand nodig heeft om in slaap te vallen

Sleep - Overall state in which an individual rests quiescently in a recumbent position, disengages from the environment, and become unresponsive to stimuli.

Sleep Apnea - Cessation of breathing for 10 or more seconds during sleep. There are two basic types of sleep apnea: Obstructive Apnea is caused by a closure of the air passage despite efforts to breathe; Central Apnea is a lack of effort to breathe. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is by far the most common type.

Sleep Architecture - The sequence and duration of each sleep stage and awakening during a sleep period. Often displayed in the form of a histogram.

Sleep Cycle - The progression through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages. In a healthy adult, the first cycle is always initiated by going from wakefulness to non-REM sleep. The first REM period follows the first period of non-REM sleep to complete the first sleep cycle. The two sleep states continue to alternate throughout the night with an average cycle period of about 90 minutes. A full night of normal human sleep will usually consist of 4-6 non-REM/REM sleep cycles.

Sleep Debt - The result of recurrent sleep deprivation that occurs over time, when an individual does not obtain a sufficient amount of restorative daily sleep. Sleep debt is like a monetary debt; it must be paid back at some time. The larger the sleep debt, the stronger the tendency to fall asleep. This accumulation of "lost sleep" may contribute to a decreased quality of life, the onset of related health problems, and the increased risk of injury and/or accident. See Sleep Deprivation.

Sleep Deprivation - An acute or chronic lack of sufficient sleep, which causes a person to feel unrefreshed during wakefulness.

Sleep Disorders - A broad range of illnesses arising from many causes, including; dysfunctional sleep mechanisms, abnormalities in physiological functions during sleep, abnormalities of the biological clock, and sleep disturbances that are induced by external factors.

Sleep Efficiency (or Sleep Efficiency Index) - The ratio of total sleep time to time in bed. The proportion of sleep in the period potentially filled by sleep.

Sleep Episode - A total interval of sleep that may be voluntary or involuntary.

Sleep Extension - Extending sleep time by increasing the time in bed. Extended sleep alleviates the chronic sleep debt and provides an accompanying increase in alertness. It is common for many people to extend, or "catch up" on their sleep debt by sleeping for longer periods on the weekend.

Sleep Fragmentation - Brief arousals that occur throughout the night, that reduce the total amount of time spent in the deeper levels of sleep. Frequent episodes of sleep fragmentation lead to sleep deprivation.

Sleep Hygiene - Behavioral activities that either contribute to or detract from restorative sleep. Good sleep hygiene would include activities such as going to bed the same time each night, restricting caffeine intake, and avoiding napping during the day.

Sleep Hyperhydrosis - Excessive sweating during sleep.

Sleeping Pills (hypnotics) - Compounds that have a sedative effect are often used to produce sleepiness. If taken frequently, development of tolerance to the medication is common.

Sleep Inertia - Feelings of grogginess and sleepiness that persist up to 20 minutes after waking up. This results in poor performance upon awakening.

Sleep Latency - The length of time it takes to go from full wakefulness to the moment of sleep.

Sleep Log (Diary) - A daily, written record of a person's sleep-wake pattern containing such information as time of retiring and arising, time in bed, estimated total sleep time, number and duration of sleep interruptions, quality of sleep, daytime naps, use of medications or caffeine beverages, and nature of waking activities.

Sleep Mentation - All thoughts, feelings, images, perceptions, hallucinations, and active dreams that take place during sleep.

Sleep Onset - The time from when a person attempts to fall asleep until the onset of sleep. This sleep onset normally leads to NREM stage 1 sleep, but in certain conditions, such as infancy and narcolepsy, may lead to REM stage sleep.

Sleep Onset Imagery - A kaleidoscope of images and experiences during the moments following the transition from wake to sleep.

Sleep Onset REM Period (SOREMP) - REM periods within 15 minutes of sleep onset, considered to confirm the diagnosis of narcolepsy. As a result, narcoleptics often experience Hypnagogic Hallucinations as they are falling asleep.

Sleep Paralysis - Sleep paralysis is a common part of REM sleep itself but is a disorder when it strikes outside REM sleep. Usually, people with sleep paralysis are unable to perform voluntary movements either right before they go to sleep or upon waking in the morning. One of the symptoms of narcolepsy, but also experienced by some non-narcoleptic individuals.

Sleep Period - The time it takes to complete one cycle of sleep activity.

Sleep Related Accidents - Accidents caused by individuals who were sleep deprived and had impaired judgment.

Sleep Restriction - A limitation of the number of hours in bed.

Sleep Spindle - A synchronized, rhythmic EEG waveform, with a duration of about ½ second and a frequency of 12 to 14 Hz. Sleep spindles are observed most frequently during stage 2 sleep.

Sleep Stage Demarcation - The significant polysomnographic characteristics that distinguish the boundaries of the sleep stages.

Sleep Stages - Distinctive stages of sleep as demonstrated by EEG patterns. See Stages 1-4; REM Sleep.

Sleep Stage 1 (NREM Stage 1) - A stage of NREM sleep that ensues directly from the awake state. Its criteria consist of a low-voltage EEG tracing with well defined alpha activity and theta frequencies in the 3 to 7 cps range, occasional vertex spikes, and slow rolling eye movements (SEMs), and includes the absence of sleep spindles, K complexes, and REMS. Stage 1 normally represents 4-5% of total sleep.

Sleep Stage 2 (NREM Stage 2) - A stage of NREM sleep characterized by the advent of sleep spindles and K complexes against a relatively low-voltage, mixed frequency EEG background. High voltage delta waves may comprise up to 20% of stage 2 epochs. Stage 2 usually accounts for 45-55% of total sleep time.

Sleep Stage 3 (NREM Stage 3) - A stage of NREM sleep defined by at least 20% and not more than 50% of the period consisting of EEG waves of 2 cps or slower, with amplitudes of more than 75 mV (high-amplitude delta waves). It constitutes "deep" NREM sleep, or, so-called slow wave sleep (SWS), and is often combined with stage 4 NREM sleep because of the lack of documented physiological differences between the two. It normally appears usually only in the first third of the sleep episode, and usually compromises 4-6% of total sleep time.

Sleep Stage 4 (NREM Stage 4) - All statements concerning NREM sleep stage 3 apply to stage 4 except that high-voltage, slow EEG waves cover 50% or more of the record. NREM sleep stage 4 usually represents 12-15% of total sleep time. Sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and sleep-related enuresis episodes generally start in stage 4 or during arousals from this stage.

Sleep Starts - See Hypnic jerks.

Sleep talking - Talking in sleep that usually occurs in the course of transitory arousals from NREM sleep. Can occur during REM sleep, at which time it represents a motor breakthrough of dream speech. Full consciousness is not achieved and no memory of the event remains. Sleep talking probably carries no psychological or psychiatric significance, and the content should be taken very lightly.

Sleep walking (Somnambulism) - Arising from bed during a period when there is a simultaneous occurrence of incomplete wakefulness and NREM sleep. The eyes are usually open, but appear not to be focusing. If victims do not awaken during the episode, they do not remember the event. An extremely common phenomenon, occurring in up to 40 percent of children, with a peak incidence at 12 years of age. Sleepwalking typically occurs in the first third of the night during deep NREM sleep (stages 3 and 4).

Sleep-Wake Cycle - The clock hour relationships of the major sleep and wake episodes in the 24-hour cycle. See Phase Transition, Circadian Rhythm.

Sleep-Wake Shift (Change, Reversal) - When sleep as a whole or in part is moved to a time of customary waking activity, and wakefulness is moved to the time of the major sleep episode. This is common in jet lag and shift work.

Sleep-Wake Transition Disorder - Parasomnia disorders that occur during the transition from wakefulness to sleep or from one sleep stage to another. These disorders include rhythmic movement disorders, hypnic jerks (sleep starts), sleep talking, and nocturnal leg cramps.

Slow Eye Movements (SEM) - Slow, rolling movements of the eyes under closed eyelids that occur as one drifts to sleep in stage 1.

Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) - Stage of sleep in which EEG delta waves are present. Synonymous with sleep stages 3 and 4.

smartcardreader - apparaat dat geregistreerde gegevens van een chipcard uitleest

SmartPAP (Smart CPAP) - (Smart [Continuous] Positive Airway Pressure) A medical device used in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea that provides a range of preset levels of continuous airflow, and automatically adjusts to keep the breathing passages open by sensing changes in airway integrity. The air flows from the device through a tube that connects to a nose or facemask.

Snoring - Sounds made during sleep caused by breathing vibrations in the pharynx. In the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea, snoring volume and frequency of occurrence often correlate with the severity of the condition. Snoring noise is recorded in both diagnostic sleep studies and CPAP titration studies.

Snoring Noise - This is recorded in both diagnostic sleep studies and titration studies, and often correlates with the severity of airway obstruction and apnea.

somnoplastie - met een operatiesonde met radiofrequentietherapie kan het zachte gehemelte door verhitting tot 80 graden, strakker gemaakt worden, waardoor het snurken minder wordt. Synoniemen: Somnoplastik, Coblation, Celon Methode, RFITT / HFITT

Soft Palate - The membranous and muscular fold on the roof of the mouth that extends back from the hard palate and partially separates the oral cavity from the pharynx.

Somatic Complaints - Awareness of pain or problems in the body.

Somnambulism - See Sleep Walking

Somnifacient - Inducing sleep; hypnotic, as in a drug.

Somnolence - Oppressive drowsiness or inclination to sleep.

Somnoplasty - The commercial name for radiofrequency treatment of snoring, nasal obstruction and some cases of mild sleep apnea. (see Radiofrequency Procedure).

Soporific - Causing or tending to induce sleep, such as a hypnotic drug.

SPD - Sociaal Pedagogische Dienst

SpO₂ meting - zuurstofmeting d.m.v. vingersensor

SRBD - Sleep Related Breathing Disorder = SAAS

Stages of Non-REM Sleep - Four sleep stages associated with mixed frequency, mixed amplitude brain waves, an absence of rapid eye movements and the continuous tonic presence of low-level EMG activity from the neck and jaw muscles.

Stage 1 (NREM Stage 1) - The lightest phase of NREM sleep that directly follows the awake state. It is a transition between wakefulness and sleep, and an individual is easily aroused from this stage. It is characterized by mixed frequency, low-voltage EEG patterns with bursts of alpha activity and theta frequencies in the 3 to 7 cps range, occasional vertex spikes. Another feature is slow, rolling eye movements (SEMs). There is an absence of sleep spindles, K complexes, and REMS. In adults, stage 1 normally represents 4-5% of total sleep. However, in some sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, this percentage of stage 1 increases. A person with sleep apnea must wake up to breath, and stage 1 follows every arousal.

Stage 2 (NREM Stage 2) - Stage of NREM sleep characterized by the advent of sleep spindles and K complexes against a low-voltage, mixed frequency EEG background similar to stage 1. Stage 2 sleep is usually free of slow rolling eye movements. A more intense stimulus is required to wake someone from stage 2 than from stage 1. In adults, stage 2 typically accounts for 45-55% of total sleep time.

Stage 3 (NREM Stage 3, Delta Sleep, Slow Wave Sleep) - Stage 3, along with stage 4 sleep is often called Delta Sleep or Slow Wave sleep. The Stage 3 EEG record consists of 20% to 50% delta EEG waves. These delta waves have a slow frequency of 2 cps or slower, and amplitudes of more than 75 mV (high amplitude delta waves). Stage 3 sleep is deeper than stages 1 or 2; it takes a more intense stimulus to awaken someone in this sleep state. Stage 3 primarily appears in the first half of the sleep episode in adults.

Stage 4 (NREM Stage 4, Delta Sleep, Slow Wave Sleep) - Stage 4 has similar attributes to stage 3, except there are a greater proportion of EEG delta waves. These high-voltage, slow EEG waves make up 50% or more of the record. This is the deepest stage of sleep; a more intense stimulus is needed to wake someone from stage 4 sleep than any other stage of NREM sleep. Young children have more stage 4 sleep and are much more difficult to arouse than adults. Both stages 3 and 4 decline with age and many older people report that their sleep is lighter than when they were young. Children typically spend 20-25% of sleep in stages 3 and 4 slow wave sleep; this decreases to less than 10% by age 60. Sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and sleep-related enuresis episodes generally occur in stages 3 or 4, or during arousals from this stage.

Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) - A self-rating scale developed to quantify subjective levels of sleepiness. It consists of seven numbered statements. Subjective Sleepiness - Feelings of sleepiness.

Substance Abuse - The excessive use of alcohol or drugs. These substances can cause sleep disturbances.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS, Crib Death) - The sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant, whose death remains unexplained after an adequate postmortem investigation. Death usually occurs during sleep. SIDS is the leading cause of death in infants in their first year of life, with the peak occurrence at 2 - 4 months. Although the majority of SIDS victims do not have identifiable risk factors, groups of infants at a somewhat higher risk include siblings of SIDS victims and infants born to substance-abusing mothers.

SWS - Slow Wave Sleep: diepe restauratieve slaap: fase 3 en 4

Synchronization - Two or more biological rhythms that have a 1:1 relation and maintain the same phase relationship. An example is the timing of sleep onset with respect to body temperature; sleep onset tends to occur at the same time of each temperature cycle, usually close to the minimum temperature.

Synchrony - Scheduling sleep to synchronize with the biological clock.

T

Tachycardia - Rapid heart rate. In adults, usually defined by a heart rate of over 100 beats per minute (bpm).

terminaal - laatste stadium van een ziekte/aandoening

therapie - behandelen van een aandoening

Thermocouples - Small devices placed near the nostrils to measure airflow by sensing temperature changes; expired air is warmer than inspired air.

Thermoregulation - The regulation of body temperature in mammals.

Theta Activity - EEG brain wave activity with a frequency of 4-8 Hz. It is most prominent over the central and temporal cortex.

thoracale beweging - beweging van de borstkas (zie ook polysomnografie).

Thoracic Excursion - Thoracic (chest) movement, which indicates respiratory effort. This is recorded in diagnostic sleep studies, and is typically measured by the placement of a sensor band around the chest. The sensor band records chest wall movement associated with respiration. This measurement is used in differentiating the type of sleep apnea.

thyroïd - strottenhoofd

Tidal Volume - The amount of air that passes in and out of the lungs in an ordinary breath. Usually expressed in liters.

Titration - A method of determining optimal CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) treatment parameters for sleep apnea. This involves automatic or manual adjustment of the CPAP device to a level that eliminates airway blockage.

titratie - vaststellen van de benodigde druk van een cpap; dit kan door een slaaponderzoek, met een formule of het uitlezen van een auto-cpap

Transient Insomnia - Difficulty sleeping for only a few nights..

Tolerance - In pharmacology, refers to the reduced responsiveness to a drug's action as the result of previous continued use.

Tonic (Event/Activity) - Physiological events that are constant or continuous. In sleep, atonia refers to the lack of muscle tone during REM sleep.

Tonsils - A pair of prominent masses of lymphoid tissue which are located opposite each other in the throat between the anterior and posterior pillars of the fauces (the narrow passage from the mouth to the pharynx situated between the soft palate and the base of the tongue). Composed of lymph follicles grouped around one or more deep crypts. Also called the palatine tonsil.

Tonsillectomy - Surgical removal of the tonsils.

Toothgrinding (Bruxism) - Grinding one's teeth while asleep. This occurs at some time in approximately 70% of people; most have no noticeable side effects. However, 5% of victims develop symptoms such as tooth wear, jaw pain and headaches. Episodes of grinding are more severe after stressful days.

Total Recording Time - The duration of time from the beginning of a sleep recording ("lights out") to final awakening. In addition to total sleep time, it is comprised of the time taken up by wakeful periods.

Total Sleep Time - The amount of actual sleep time in a sleep episode. This is equal to the total sleep episode less the awake time. Total sleep time is the total of all REM and NREM sleep in a sleep episode.

Tracheotomy - Surgical procedure to create an opening in the trachea (windpipe) through which breathing can occur. Occasionally used to treat severe obstructive sleep apnea that is non-responsive to other treatment.

tracheotemie - aanbrengen van een buisje (tracheacanule) in de luchtpijp via een snede in de hals; zeer radicale manier om een einde te maken aan ademhalingsstoornissen in de bovenste luchtweg

Tracheostomy - Refers to the opening in the trachea. As a treatment for severe obstructive sleep apnea, this opening bypasses an obstruction in the airway.

Transducer - A device designed to convert energy from one form to another.

Transient Arousals - Brief awakenings from sleep.

Transient Insomnia - Difficulty sleeping for only a few nights.

Tricyclic Antidepressants (Antidepressants) - A class of medications most commonly used in the treatment of depression. Tricyclic refers to the three-ring chemical structure. Most tricyclic antidepressants also reduce REM sleep. In sleep disorders, they are used to control cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis.

Turbinate - Small, shelf-like, cartilaginous structures covered by mucous membranes, which protrude into the nasal airway to help warm, humidify, and cleanse inhaled air on its way to the lungs.

Twilight Zone - A slang term that describes the waking state of individuals whose MSLT scores are 5 minutes or less. Such individuals are usually sleep deprived or suffer from a sleep disorder.

Twitch (Body Twitch) - A very small body movement such as a foot or finger jerk that is not usually associated with an arousal.

U

UARS - Upper Airway Resistence Syndrom: slaapstoornis zonder apneus of hypopneus, maar toch verminderde flow door de luchtweg met als gevolg een arousal

Unattended CPAP Titration Study - An automatic calibration test performed with a CPAP machine that measures the patient's airway pressure requirements during sleep. This is performed after determining that a patient has a sleep related breathing disorder such as OSA or Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, and is likely to benefit from CPAP therapy. These findings are then used to prescribe the appropriate pressure the patient will use with their CPAP therapy. Unintended Sleep Episode - A sleep episode that is not planned and may happen during an activity in which such an episode is hazardous, such as when driving a car or working with machinery.

Upper Airway - The part of the respiratory anatomy that includes the nose, nostrils, sinus passages, septum, turbinates, tongue, jaw, and palate.

Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome - Part of the spectrum of obstructive sleep-related breathing disorders in which repetitive increases in resistance to airflow in the upper airway lead to brief arousals and daytime fatigue. Usually associated with loud snoring. Apneas and hypopneas (see RDI) may be totally absent. Blood oxygen levels can be in the normal range.

Uvula - Small soft structure hanging from the bottom of the soft palate in the midline above the back of the tongue. It is composed of connective tissue and mucous membrane.

Uvula - huig

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) - Surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. This procedure is designed to open the airway behind the palate. The uvula, tonsils, and excess palatal tissue are removed. The incision is closed with sutures. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia and usually requires a one or two day hospital stay.

Uvula-Palato-Pharyngo-Plastiek (UPPP) - het grootste deel van de huig (uvula) en het zachte gehemelte (palatum molle) wordt weggehaald. Chirurgisch verkorten van het zachte gehemelte (palatum molle) en tevens keelamandelen (tonsillectomie).