M, N, O

M, N, O

M

Macroglossia - Large tongue; usually a congenital disorder (present at birth). May result from other medical conditions such as acromegaly.

macroglossie - vergrote tong

mandibula - onderkaak

Marijuana - Parts or extracts of the hemp plant, which contain an active ingredient called tetrahydrocanabinol (THC) that is euphorogenic. Some people use marijuana at bedtime as an aid to falling asleep.

Maxillofacial - Pertains to the jaws and face.

Maxillomandibular advancement - This surgical procedure opens the airway behind the palate as well as behind the base of the tongue. The operation cuts the bone of the upper and lower jaw and pulls these structures forward. This is performed under general anesthesia and requires a two-day hospital stay. This type of treatment is usually done if previous procedures have not completely improved the obstructive breathing episodes and the patient has persistent symptoms of daytime sleepiness and fatigue.

Melatonin - A hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the brain. Melatonin has been reported to have hypnotic properties, leading some to suggest that melatonin, which is released at night, may be an endogenous sleep inducer.

MESAM 4 - Type of portable recording device used in diagnostic sleep studies.

Microsleep - Very brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of ongoing wakeful activity. Microsleeps are associated with sleep deprivation, drowsiness and automatic behavior.

Mixed Sleep Apnea - Combination of central and obstructive apnea.

monitoring - in de gaten houden met apparaten; bewaken door kengetallen; systematisch volgen met rapporten

monobloc - MRA uit één stuk

Monocyclic - Having a single major sleep period and a single major wake period in one 24-hour day.

morbiditeit - het percentage lijders aan een bepaalde ziekte

mortaliteit - sterftecijfer

Motor Activity in Sleep - Any muscular movement during sleep.

Movement Arousal - A body movement associated with an EEG pattern of arousal or a full awakening.

Motor Atonia - Absence of muscle activity during sleep, a normal phenomenon during REM sleep.

MRA - Mandibulaire Repositie Apparaat; wordt toegepast bij matig osas. Soort beugel die over de tanden wordt geschoven en die de onderkaak gedurende de nacht naar voren houdt. Vergroot de bovenste luchtweg doordat de tongbasis naar voren wordt gehouden

MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging; door middel van een magnetisch veld een 'foto' maken van de hersenen: hier komen geen röntgenstralen aan te pas

MSLT - Multiple Sleep Latency Test: een gestandaardiseerde test waarbij de patiënt overdag op een aantal vaste tijdstippen, met een interval van 2 uur en onder vaste condities, de gelegenheid krijgt om in te slapen, gedurende maximaal 20 minuten

multidiciplinair - overleg tussen verschillende specialismen, bijvoorbeeld een longarts met een kno-arts

Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) - The standard test used to quantify the overall daytime sleep tendency by measuring the speed of falling asleep (sleep latency) usually in 5 tests carried out at two-hour intervals. This test also helps in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Patients with narcolepsy often go directly from wakefulness to REM, which can be evaluated with the MSLT.

Muscle Tone - The amount of tension in a muscle.

MWT - Maintenance of Wakefullness Test: omgekeerde van MLST, dus hoelang kun je wakker blijven in een slaapverwekkende omgeving; ook alleen gebruikt bij wetenschappelijk onderzoek

Myoclonus - Muscle contractions in the form of abrupt "jerks" or twitches generally lasting less than 100 milliseconds. The term should not be confused with the periodic limb movements of sleep that characteristically have a duration of 0.5-5 seconds.

N

Nap - A short period of sleep generally obtained at a time separate from the daily major sleep period.

Narcolepsy - A sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and an abnormal tendency to pass directly into REM sleep from wakefulness. It was recently found to be caused by an abnormal gene in the brain.

narcolepsie - onbedwingbare slaapaanvallen overdag en door emoties uitgelokte tijdelijke verlammingen

Nasal Airflow/Nasal Ventilation - A recording of the respiratory cycle by measuring inspiratory and expiratory airflow. In diagnostic sleep studies it is referred to as nasal ventilation or respiratory airflow. It is measured through heat or pressure changes at the nares. This value is usually recorded in both diagnostic sleep studies and CPAP titration sleep studies.

National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research - Created by the U.S. Congress in 1990, the commission conducted a comprehensive study of the social and economic impact of sleep disorders in America, and made recommendations based on its findings to Congress in January of 1993.

Neurology - A specialized branch of medicine that deals specifically with the nervous system and its diseases.

neuroloog - zenuwarts; specialist in zenuwziekten

Neurotransmitters - Endogenous chemical components that are released from axon terminals of one neuron and transmit the signal to the next neuron by combining with its receptor molecules. Examples of neurotransmitters that appear to be important in the control of sleep and wakefulness include: norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, adrenaline and histamine. The process of neurotransmission may be inhibited, modulated, or enhanced by other chemical mediators within the brain, or by exogenous pharmaceuticals.

Nightmare - An unpleasant and/or frightening dream that usually awakens a person from REM sleep. Occasionally called a dream anxiety attack, it is not synonymous with a night (sleep) terror.

Night Terrors - Also known as sleep terrors, or pavor nocturnus. Usually a disorder of childhood, characterized by a piercing scream, signs of intense fear, and unresponsiveness to other people. It is not a REM stage nightmare, but an incomplete arousal from slow wave sleep. If awakened during a night terror, the individual is usually confused and does not remember details of the event. Night terrors are different from nightmares in that if an individual is awakened during a nightmare, he or she functions well and may have some recall of the nightmare.

Nyctophobia - Morbid fear of the night and darkness.

Nocturia - Excessive, and often frequent, urination during the night.

Nocturnal - "Of the night;" pertains to events that happen during sleep or the hours of darkness.

Nocturnal Confusion - Episodes of delirium and/or disorientation close to or during nighttime sleep; often seen in victims of Alzheimer's disease and more common in the elderly.

Nocturnal Enuresis (Bedwetting) - The release of urine while asleep.

Non-Invasive - Medical procedure that does not penetrate the skin or a body cavity.

NREM Sleep (Non-Rapid Eye Movement, Non-Rem) - All sleep stages other than REM sleep; made up of sleep stages 1 through 4. Characterized by a slowing of brain waves and some physiological functions. A state that lacks the visible motility of rapid eye movements and twitches. See Sleep Stages.

NREM-REM Sleep Cycle (synonymous with Sleep Cycle) - A period during sleep composed of a NREM sleep episode followed by a REM sleep episode. Each NREM-REM sleep couplet is equal to one cycle; with the average duration in adults being 90 minutes. An adult sleep period of 6.5-8.5 hours generally consists of four to six cycles.

NREM Sleep Intrusion - A brief period of NREM sleep patterns appearing in REM sleep, outside of its usual sleep cycle position.

NREM Sleep Period - The NREM sleep portion of NREM-REM sleep cycle. See Sleep Cycle, Sleep Stages.

NREM Sleep - Consists of sleep stages 1 through 4, and characterized by a decrease of mental activity. A state that lacks the visible motility of rapid eye movements and twitches, and exhibits a different EEG pattern than REM sleep. See Sleep Stages.

NSWO - Nederlandse vereniging voor Slaap- en WaakOnderzoek

nurse practitioner - specialist tussen arts en patiënt

NVTS - Nederlandse Vereniging voor Tandheelkundige Slaapgeneeskunde

NREM - Non-REM slaap (zie ook REM)

O

obesitas - ziekelijk overgewicht (zie ook BMI)

Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome - A term applied to obese individuals who have abnormally slow and shallow respiration (hypoventilation) during wakefulness, resulting in an increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood.

observatie - kijken hoe iets gebeurt, hoe iemand zich gedraagt

obstructie - afsluiting

Obstructive Hypopnea - Periodic, partial closure of the throat during sleep resulting in reduced air exchange. The medical consequences of this partial closure can be as severe as sleep apnea (full closure of throat) Usually characterized by snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and other symptoms of fatigue

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) - Repetitive cessation of breathing during sleep for 10 seconds or more due to complete closure (collapse) of the throat. Usually characterized by snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and other symptoms of fatigue.

Ondine's Curse - Condition in which the respiratory center in the brain is unable to stimulate breathing in response to an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Ondine's Curse is synonymous with central alveolar hypoventilation and typically worsens during sleep.

Optimum Sleep - The average amount of sleep needed every night by any given individual. Most adults require about 7 to 8.5 hours per night, although this number is subjective, and may vary from person to person.

oral appliance - verzamelnaam voor de verschillende soorten MRA's

oronasale luchtstroom - in- en uitademen

osas - obstructief slaap apneu syndroom; diagnose wordt multidisciplinair gesteld door, longarts, kno-arts en neuroloog. Bestaat uit een combinatie van aantal ademstops (zie AHI) en klachten (zie ESS). AHI > 5 is verhoogd AHI < 15-30 matig osas AHI > 30 ernstig osas. Bij een lage AHI kan men evenzo goed een matig of ernstig osas hebben, als er veel of ernstige klachten zijn

osas-richtlijn - beschrijving van het syndroom gebaseerd op de laatste wetenschappelijke inzichten, met daarbij regels hoe de diagnose en behandeling plaats moeten vinden. Als de specialisten de richtlijn onderschrijven verplichten alle specialisten zich zo te werken. De laatste osas-richtlijn is uit 2009 www.cbo.nl

osahs - Obstructieve Slaapapneu Hypopneu Syndroom (zie osas)

Oscillograph - A device that displays ongoing physiological patterns (EEG) or other variables usually tracing on moving paper or a CRT screen.

Oxygen Desaturation - Less than normal amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin in the blood. A value below 90% is considered abnormal.

Oxygen Saturation - A measure of oxygen carried by hemoglobin in the blood. Normal values range from 90% to 100%. An important indicator of sleep disordered breathingthat is directly affected by the degree of throat closure (partial vs. complete) and its duration. Oxygen saturation is recorded in both diagnostic sleep studies and titration studies.

Oximeter - Medical device used to provide estimates of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) by utilizing selected wavelengths of light to noninvasively determine the saturation of oxyhemoglobin (SpO2).

Oximetry - Test used to continuously monitor the oxygen saturation of arterial blood from am oximeter sensor.